Impact Of Brown v Board of Education - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1044 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Brown v Board of Education Essay Did you like this example? In the Brown Vs. the board of education case had a big impact on many other similar cases as Mr. Browns and on history itself. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Impact Of Brown v Board of Education" essay for you Create order This case cased many people to see that the separation between educations was useless and did not help the childrens education. It also did not help the racism going on at the time.  Ã‚   In the 1950s, public places were segregated. There were black school were only colored kids went. Then there were white schools were white children went. Many white schools were offended close to the neighborhoods and communities were children of color stayed. But back then, African Americans were not allowed to go to a white school or even attend any school with the white children.   Many African American children had to walk far distances to get to school. Some walked miles and miles, even all the way across town just to get to school. Many African American parents worried about their childrens safety getting to school. For such young innocent little boys and girls to have walk across rail road switch-yards and miles and miles through town to get to their school. Parents like Linda Brown knew that this wasnt right and needed to change the School board system operated. In Topeka Kansas, a little African American 3rd grade girl had to walk very far to get to her school. Her father knew things should change and went to court with many other black parents about the way the U.S District court was segregated.   Ã‚  Ã‚   This kicked off a change in African American history. This started a dramatic change in the world. This started with Linda and Olivier Brown.  Ã‚   Oliver Leon Brown was born in 1618, in Spring-field Montana. He had a pretty typical childhood as an African American boy. Oliver Brown grew up a fine young man and made a living as a minister at St. Marks A.M.E and a railroad welder in Topeka Kansas. He was the provider for his beautiful wife and three daughters, Darlene, Cheryl, and Linda. Oliver wanted the best education and future possible for his daughters. All his children were enrolled in a school, even his 8 year old daughter Linda. Linda Oliver was going to Monroe elementary, an all-black. To get there, Linda had to take a 5 mile bus drive and travel through an unsafe rail road yard to get to her school, Monroe elementary. Oliver Brown didnt want his little girl to make such dangerous, long, and exhausting journey every morning to school. So, being thats another el ementary school just 7 blocks away, Oliver tried to register Linda in that school, Sumner elementary school, which happens to be an all-white school. But the principal of Sumner elementary refused to let a colored student attend there school. After the principal refused, Oliver went to of the NAACP a.k.a National Association for the advancement of colored people, which was McKinley Burnett and asked for assistance. The NAACP was more the glad to help Mr. Brown. On 1951, 12 other African American parents who were denied there child into a white schools, joined in to help Mr. Brown and the NAACP start an inference in the segregation of schools. Out of all the families now involved in the interference, Mr. Brown was chosen as the lead plaintiff being the only male. During this time, Mr. Brown was only 32 years old. Now that Mr. Brown had similar, case.   Ã‚  Ã‚   When this case was taken to state level, it sadly lost the case. They referred to the Plessy vs. Ferguson case. That case had allowed had allowed the separation between black and white. The Plessy Vs. Ferguson case stated that the separation was not violating any law or amendment. The state was allowing the separation because they said It will better preparing the children for when they get later treated like this when there grown up. During this time, African American werent allowed to eat in the same restaurants, drink from the same water fountains, or even ride in the same car train as white people. After losing the state case, Oliver and the NAACP didnt stop there. They took it to the next level. Oliver Brown and the NAACP took the whole case a step further. Determined to make a change in the segregation of the school board system. Mr. Brown and the NAACP went to the untied-states supreme court! They had first appealed in the supreme court in October, 1951. By this t ime, there were similar cases like Olivers. Some cases started   from Delaware, Virginia, and south Carolina.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The supreme court , first heard from the lawyers December 9, 1952. Both sides argued there point. Browns lawyers argued that there shouldnt be a segregation in the education unless there was proof that black children were different from anyone else. The board Of Educations lawyer argued that many people including some blacks scholars, did not see a problem in attending a all black school. The arguments went on for three days. The supreme court talked over several months about the case. While the supreme court was asking both lawyers questions about the case, one of the supreme justices died and had to be replaced. A year after the first arguments where heard, the case was stated once again. Three long years passed until the case was finally closed in May 17th, 1954. The case closed with finally favor of Linda Brown and the other African American children!! The supreme court said it not fair that the black and white children were segregated in different schools. the votes were 9 to 0. Mr. Brown and the NAACP had won the case ! They changed African American history. It took some schools many year s to put all the students together in the same school s and have them all treated fairly. Some people were still prejudice against the blacks. That still didnt change the fact that Oliver, the NAACP, and Linda Brown forever changed the world.   The purpose of the supreme court case Brown Vs. Board of Education, was to challenge the segregation of public schools. The segregation of public schools separated African American students and white students ,   which led to them attending different public schools. African American students and their parents argued that segregation was unconstitutional and a violation of the 14th amendment.

Professional Sports - NBA Players are Greedy Essay

NBA Players are Greedy How many of us would love to make $2.4 million a year? Or even better, how does $126 million over a six-year period sound? Then again, why stop there? As John Donovan, a sports analyst for Sports Illustrated and CNN points out, with the average salary of players in the NBA at $2.4 million a year, and some players with contracts well over $100 million, its hard to see what many of them are complaining about. Players in the NBA need to stop being so greedy, agree to a drug policy and realize that they are employed by the owners and should follow all rules and regulations set by the league. Even though the NBA is a multi-billion dollar industry, it does not mean that the owners should have†¦show more content†¦Many players might say that it is the leagues and owners fault for some of the outrageous salaries being paid, but when the league tries to control the problem, the players are against any of the suggestions they have. The current salary cap, called a soft cap, lets teams spend $27 million a year on player salaries (Donovan, John NBA). The problem is that under current rules, there are too many loopholes a team can use to go well over the limit. One of these loopholes is the Larry Bird exception that grants teams the ability to resign veteran players without it counting towards the salary cap. This is why teams like the Chicago Bulls can pay Michael Jordan ($33 million last year) more than 17 teams pay all of their players combined. The rule was originally designed so that a team could keep important veteran players and still have money to sign new ones. This rule has now been misused so much that teams are paying players $100 million plus over a 4-6 year period and say they are just using the Larry Bird rule. Team misuse of rules has made it so large teams are making it harder and harder for small teams to stay competitive. Loren Jorgensen, a sports writer for the Utah paper Deseret News, states that big market teams like Chicago, New York, Los Angeles can pay players enormous amounts that make it impossible for the small market teams to holdShow MoreRelatedAre Nba Players Overpaid?1513 Words   |  7 PagesAre NBA players overpaid? The subject of money can be very controversial when it comes to sports in general. Whether it is the NFL, NBA, or MLB, they all exist because of large sums money. The NBA in particular produces billions of dollars of revenue each year in advertisements, ticket sales, apparel, and other forms. Through these different forms of revenue, a portion of this money goes to all 30 teams in the NBA. In the millions of dollars that each team receives, parts of it go to the ownersRead MoreNational Basketball Association : The Lockout Essay2273 Words   |  10 PagesNational Basketball Players Association. It’s really the behind the scenes acts of the players and owners that dictate what we watch on television. This behind the scenes activity is the act of collective bargaining, which has existed since the begging. Collective bargaining in sports is the process by which owners in the professional sports leagues negotiate with the players in their league on every issue that affects the sport. In this paper we are going to focus on the NBA (NATIONAL BasketballRead MoreThe Basketball Association Of America Essay1170 Words   |  5 Pagesbasketball throughout the world. In 1893 basketball was now playing at the collegiate level. A few years later in 1898 the first professional league was founded. The National Basketball League consisted of six teams, but was later abandoned in 1904. The game continued to be played in the YMCA and colleges around the world. Basketball was known as an international sport and in 1932 FIBA (International Basketball Federation) was formed. 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These athletes are giving it there all going back and forth from classes, to the weight room, to studyingRead MoreEssay on Escalating Professional Athlete Salaries1080 Words   |  5 PagesEscalating Professional Athlete Salaries Works Cited Not Included In recent years, with the growing popularity of sports, athletes salaries have escalated like that of a superb stock equity. Athletes are taking full advantage of their position, causing the average man to wonder how high will they go. Some feel that athletes are greedy people who have lost care for the true meaning of their salary, the love of the game. Others feel that if a person is able to earn that kind of moneyRead MoreIssues with Athletes’ Salaries and How to Change Them1918 Words   |  8 PagesProfessional sports were beginning to be organized in the 1850s. At this point, their salaries, although they were still higher than the average person’s, were not too outrageous. In the 1880s and 90s, baseball players in particular were making on average about $1,750 annually. Even though this was three times the salary of an industrial worker of the time, they were not happy with this amount of money and felt they should be earning more (Baseball n.d.). In the 1970s, the worlds of professionalRead MoreCollege Sports Is Not A Career Or Profession1285 Words   |  6 Pagescalled, â€Å"Students Are Not Professional Athletes†, caught my attention the moment I read the title. In the article, Mitchell said â€Å"Collegiate sports is not a career or profession. It is the students vehicle to a higher educat ion degree.† Meaning that you only play college sport for four year, if that. You are at college to get an education and to get a job after and start your life. There are only a select number of collegiate athletes that will go to the professionals. If you are not one of thoseRead MoreWhy Athletes Are Good Role Models1510 Words   |  7 Pagesthough when the realization sinks in that they are human too and that some of them do get greedy and selfish? A lot of athletes are model citizens that you should really look up to, but there are also some bad apples in the bunch that ruin it for everyone. Athletes can inspire young people to work hard so that their efforts can pay off, but no one is pure and flawless. Greed does take a hold of some players, but they shouldnt be the ones we devote all of our attention to. We should look at the

UK/Asian Response to Sexually Explicit Advertising Free Essays

Writing this thesis has been extremely difficult, demanding, and extremely time consuming, but it has also provided insight into exactly how much of an impact, good or otherwise, sexually implicit advertising has on a predominantly sheltered society.    There are unfortunately a limited number of empirical studies that have been completed on this subject, and perhaps through the offering of this thesis can more advanced and concurrent data be exhumed and learned from. I would like to thank my professors and supervisors at the University that have helped me along the way in ensuring that I was kept on track during the entire process, for they have been instrumental in helping me through the more difficult times and the â€Å"rough spots† that I endured from time to time. We will write a custom essay sample on UK/Asian Response to Sexually Explicit Advertising or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is anticipated that this thesis will only be the beginning forage into an unknown and provocative world of advertising and provide additional material to carry on with future students. The world of advertising has the inevitable task of having to cater to all factions of societies in which companies seek to capture a share of the consumer market. Advertisers must tailor its attempts at delivering brand messages depending on the target audience, be it members of Western or Eastern cultural groups. The reaction to sex in advertising can be viewed in a positive or negative fashion, depending on the values and perceptions of those who view the ads. The entire process of ensuring fluidity with public perception is entirely up to the advertisers themselves, and what is acceptable in the West is not always the case in the East. More specifically, Western cultures tend to have a much higher tolerance of sexual imagery, while Eastern cultures tend to generally be more offended by ads that exploit sexuality to promote consumer products. The same ads may generate vastly different responses when viewed by members of the two divergent cultural groups. The dramatic difference in the response the ads generate is due to cultural beliefs, practices, and ideals that promote varying attitudes toward sex among those who live in Western societies and those who live in Eastern societies. As one of the more provocative global advertisers, Benetton continually looks to engage the public in their form of sexually-driven advertising in an attempt to gauge the reaction of the public. Although Benetton is only one of the major Western advertisers that is making inroads in the eastern hemisphere, they have an interesting task of marketing to more conservative sectors of society, mainly the Asian people. The Asian community has a long-standing embedded value system that may or may not ever catch up to the impressionable Western culture group. Due to the cultural differences that exist in Asian culture, Western-based advertisers have a formidable task in figuring out how to deliver brand messages in ways that are both effective and culturally acceptable. This poses a significant challenge to advertisers, because they must thoroughly research the ideals and beliefs of those to whom they seek to direct their brand messages. When looking at advertisements with sexual undertones, Western culture views this type of â€Å"shock† advertising as generally accepted and it is not really given a second glance as it is viewed as an acceptable part of societal values. But, in the eastern hemisphere, this type of culture â€Å"shock† may be acceptable with the younger generation, albeit not as gregariously as with their western counterparts, but with the older generation of Asian and UK families, attitudes toward   this type of sexually explicit advertising are not perhaps as accommodating. How to cite UK/Asian Response to Sexually Explicit Advertising, Papers UK/Asian Response to Sexually Explicit Advertising Free Essays Writing this thesis has been extremely hard, demanding and extremely time consuming, but has also provided insight into exactly how much of an impact, good or otherwise, sexually implicit advertising has on a predominantly sheltered society. There is unfortunately a limited number of empirical studies that have been completed on this subject and perhaps through the offering of this thesis can more advanced and concurrent data be exhumed and learned from. I would like to thank my professors and supervisors at the University that have helped me along the way in ensuring that I was kept on track during the entire process and has been instrumental in helping me through the more difficult times and the â€Å"rough spots† that I endured from time to time. We will write a custom essay sample on UK/Asian Response to Sexually Explicit Advertising or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is anticipated that this thesis will only be the beginning forage into an unknown and provocative world of advertising and provide additional material to carry-on with future students. ABSTRACT The world of advertising has the inevitable task of having to cater to all factions of society, be it western or eastern cultural groups, and the reaction to sex in advertising can be viewed in a positive or negative fashion. The entire process of ensuring fluidity with public perception is entirely up to the advertisers themselves and what is acceptable in the west is not always the case in the east. One of the more provocative global advertisers, Benetton, continually looks to engage the public in their form of sexually-driven advertising in an attempt to gauge the reaction of the public. Although Benetton is only one of the major western advertisers that is making inroads in the eastern hemisphere, they have an interesting task of marketing to a societal sector, mainly the Asian people, that have a long-standing embedded value system that may or may not ever catch up to the impressionable western culture group. When looking at advertisement with sexual undertones, western culture views this type of â€Å"shock† advertising as generally accepted and not really given a second glance as it is viewed as an acceptable part of societal values; but, in the eastern hemisphere, this type of culture â€Å"shock† may be acceptable with the younger generation albeit not as gregariously as with their western counterparts; but, with the older generation of Asian and UK families this type of sexually explicit advertising is not perhaps as accommodating. REFERENCES Albers-Miller, N. D. (1996). â€Å"Designing cross-cultural advertising research: a closer look at paired comparisons.† International Marketing Review 13(5): 59-75. Albers-Miller, N. D. and B. D. Gelb (1996). â€Å"Business Advertising Appeals as a Mirror Of Cultural Dimensions: A Study of Eleven Countries.† Journal of Advertising 25(4): 57-70. Alden, D. L., W. D. Hoyer, et al. (1993). â€Å"Identifying Global and Culture-Specific Dimensions in Humor in Advertising: A Multinational Analysis.† Journal of Marketing 57(2): 64-75. Andrews, J. C. and S. Durvasula (1994). â€Å"Testing the Cross-National Applicability of U.S. and Russian Advertising Beliefs and Attitude Measure.† Journal of Advertising 23(1): 71-83. Belk, R. W. and W. J. Bryce (1986). â€Å"Materialism and Individual Determinism in U.S. and Japanese Television Advertising.† Advances in Consumer Research 13: 568-672. Belk, R. W., W. J. Bryce, et al. (1985). Advertising Themes and Cultural Values: A Comparison of U.S. and Asia Centre for Adolescents and Family Studies. 2003. Sex in Advertising.   http://education.indiana.edu/cas/tt/v1i3/advertising.html How to cite UK/Asian Response to Sexually Explicit Advertising, Papers

Comunication free essay sample

April 2013 BCom Accounting 1st year Group members: * Guguletho Thwala 201305575 * Tsakani Siweya 201300869 * Chelsea Okesokun 201304976 * Sibusiso Mngomezulu 201306272 * Genilsa Angelica 2009075 * Fortunate Molawa 201303699 INDEX Page no: 1. Introduction (Angelica) 2. Body 3. 1. Land (Sibusiso) 3. 2. Labour (Chelsea) 3. 3. Capital (Tsakani) 3. 4. Entrepreneurs (Fortunate) 3. Conclusion (Gugulethu) 4. Glossary of terms 5. ARTICLE 1 6. ARTICLE 2 7. Bibliography INTRODUCTION Definition of Factors of Production An economic term to describe the inputs that are used in the production of goods or services in the attempt to make an economic profit. The factors of production include land, Labour, capital and entrepreneurship. This assignment aims to discuss the different factors of production used by a specific company by giving a practical example of each. Explaining Factors of Production In essence, land, labour, capital and entrepreneurship encompass all of the inputs needed to produce a good or service. Land represents all natural resources, such as timber and gold, used in the production of a good. Labour is all of the work that labourers and workers perform at all levels of an organization, except for the entrepreneur. We will write a custom essay sample on Comunication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The capital is all of the tools and machinery used to produce a good or service. The entrepreneur is the individual who takes an idea and attempts to make an economic profit from it by combining all other factors of production. The entrepreneur also takes on all of the risks and rewards of the business. On this research we will be focussing at Albany Bakeries in South Africa, how the firm as made and still use of these factors of production over the years. Albany Bakeries is an South African bakery and subsidiary of Tiger Brands, which markets food products such as cooking oils, sauces, bread, candy, ice cream, mustard and ready meals. 1 LAND /Natural resources (Sometimes called land) : its reward its Rent Land consists of all the gifts of nature. They include minerals deposits, water, arable land, vegetation, natural forestry etc†¦ but once they are used up, they can never be replaced. The availability cannot be increased if we want more of them. But it is however sometimes possible to exploit more of the available resources. For example, new mineral deposits are still being discovered and exploited every year. Every business uses some physical space, though for example, a bank or small home-based business uses much less land than an agricultural business growing sugar. The word â€Å"rent† is used to describe the earnings from land as a factor of production. Land and natural resources are in limited supply. Albany Bakeries need space to work and some bakeries grow their own wheat and produce their own bread. Albany Bakeries consist of a chain of 13 regional production sites that supply supermarkets across South Africa with bread and other baked goods such as rolls, buns and baps (they need land to own or rent out) and they need farms to harvest the wheat and produce flour or they can buy it (all part of natural resources). LABOUR CAPITAL ENTREPRENEUR Entrepreneurs are those individuals who discover market needs and launch new firms to meet those needs. Entrepreneurship has to do with creating and building something of value from practically nothing in the midst of uncertainty and risk, and having determination to succeed against all odds. Entrepreneurship plays a role in helping both developed and developing countries to grow. Albany breads are the most popular bread in South Africa owned by the Tiger group, which uses a BEE strategy and is owned by black partners and the Brimstone Investment Corporation. It also aims to sell a 10% stake in the company (which is worth about R2,8 billion) to black participants. Albany’ s major competitors are Sasko and Blue ribbon 2 3 CONCLUSION In Albany bakery the four factors of production plays an important role in the production of goods and services, Sometime one can play a role with all four factors of production and rewarded accordingly as quotes illustrate * â€Å" The company pays me rent for using two rooms in my house as office space† Land * â€Å"As manager I get my monthly salary from the company Labour * â€Å"I get interest from company as I gave them loan when they started the company† Capital â€Å"As shareholder in the company I must make sure that profits are made so that I can be happy at the end of the year† Entrepreneurship Based on the information that has been discussed above about the four factors of production in Albany bakery, today it offers the most comprehensive range of breads in South Africa. The is a range for every family, and something for every individual’s tastes, and Albany invites e veryone including you to†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦FEEL THE FRESHNESS!!!! 4 Glossary of terms Routing- delivery according to scheduled sequence Bibliography 1. Entrepreneurship A South African Perspective, 2nd edition(2004) by Gideon Niema amp; Cecile Nieuwenhuizen 2. Introduction to business management Fresh perspectives, Stephne Botha and Sandra Musengi, 1st published 2012 3. www. alpacocatequip. co. za/Bakery-equipment 4. The Baker volume 14 number 5, Bread production – what goes on behind the scenes 5. Oxford Advanced Learners dictionary, 6th edition 6. Website: Albany Bakeries

5 Guys Essay

5 Guys Essay 5 Guys Essay Entrepreneurial Leadership Five Guys Burger and Fries. For BUS 508 – Contemporary Business April 28, 2013 Five Guys Burgers and Fries know that a company cannot be everything to every customer, so instead they decided to focus on selling a good burger at a fair price. Their idea is to keep it simple and do not cut corners and this idea helps to differentiate it from the big fast-food chains. When founders Jerry and Janie Murrell star started their business they went looking for the best ingredients to use. Their choice to use high quality ingredients means they need to charge more for their products but the Murrell’s felt that once the customers eat their burger they would not mind the additional cost. They make every hamburger to order for every customer, who has a choice of 11 different toppings and serve it on a hamburger bun that was baked using a recipe crafted specifically for their stores. Since big well established fast-food chains are able to sell such large quantities of food then can do so at incredibly low prices. Their use of lower quality products such as frozen meat, dehydrated fries, and vegetable oil for frying French fries. Five Guys uses high quality 80% lean beef that is never frozen for their juicy burgers. They also use potatoes from the northern part of Idaho, where they grow slower and are more solid. Then they take the time to soak them and pre-fry them so that when they get fried for orders they do not absorb the high quality peanut oil. Five Guys motto of â€Å"keep it Simple† carries over to their dà ©cor of their restaurants. They stuck with clean white walls with red tiles. They keep their kitchens open so customers can see that they are kept clean. The Murrell’s feel that their food deserves their attention, and that they do not need to distract their customers with walls covered with nonsense. While most of the big fast-food chains spend roughly 3% of their earnings on marketing and advertising, Five Guys does not spend any of their revenue on either one. They feel that their food speaks for itself. They also feel that the best advertising for a company is for a customer to leave satisfied. The only type of advertising they rely on is word of mouth from their customers. Five Guys would rather spend their money on high quality ingredients. The Five Guy founders also feel that when you are trying to sell a great product you also need to be mindful of the staff you hire to sell it. They feel that if they hire well paid employees and treat them fairly they will be loyal and proud to be the front line of your business. Instead of using revenue for advertising they feel it is more beneficial for them to offer bonuses to their crew members. Five Guys has worked with another company to utilize secret shoppers to their stores to rate each one on the cleanliness, courtesy, and food preparation. They also have safety audits where a person will come into a store and check the kitchen equipment and if they received a high score the crew would be eligible for a bonus to be split among the members. This incentive program give the staff a motive for paying attention to details and providing an exceptional customer experience. When Jerry Murrell and his family starts Five Guys they believed in selling a good burger at a fair price. They chose to spend their money on high quality ingredients and to provide the customer with an exceptional service experience. This was something they could easily have control over when they just had a few stores that were run by the family. Since franchising their stores they have continued to use their high quality ingredients. They are still using the same vendors to supply their stores that they were using when is all began in 1986. The Murrell family feel that there burger taste better when they are served on a bun that is

Tonicity on cell membrane lab report Essays

Tonicity on cell membrane lab report Essays Tonicity on cell membrane lab report Paper Tonicity on cell membrane lab report Paper Unknown solution C showed no change to the RUB shape, it was suggested that unknown solution C was isotonic. To confirm the tonality of unknown solutions A, B and C, a potato strip was placed in 3 separate tubes containing each unknown solution. After each potato strip soaked for twenty minutes it was proven; unknown solution A was hypersonic due to the flaccidity of the potato strip. Unknown solution B proved to be hypotonic because the potato felt extremely rigid. Lastly, the potato strip soaking in unknown solution C was flexible which proved to be isotonic. From those results each unknown solution was established and allowing the determination of tonality for unknown solutions A, B and C. Introduction The cell membrane was discovered by Swiss botanist Carl Engaged and C. Cramer in 1855. 2 The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane is a phosphoric bilateral. Each phosphoric molecule contains a polar head, composed of a phosphate group and glycerol that is hydrophilic (water-loving) and soluble in water, as well as a monopole tail, composed of fatty acids that is hydrophobic (water-fearing) and insoluble in water. The polar heads are on he two surfaces of the lipid bilateral facing the extracurricular and intracellular environment, while the monopole tails are in the interior of the bilateral away from the water. Because the fatty acid tails cling together, phosphoric in the presence of water form a self-sealing bilateral. The most important function of the plasma membrane is to serve as a selective barrier for materials enterin g and exiting the cell. Plasma membranes have selective permeability. Gases pass through easily, water passes through via transport channels known as aspirins, ions penetrate the membrane very slowly, and larger molecules such as protein) cannot penetrate the plasma membrane without the help of transport proteins. Materials move across plasma membranes in two ways: passive and active transport. In passive transport, substances move across the membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (down the concentration gradient) without the use of energy. In active transport the cell must use energy to push substances from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration (against the concentration gradient). Passive transport includes osmosis, which was discovered by French botanist, Henry Trochee in 1826. 4 Osmosis is the net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area with high concentration of solvent molecules (low concentration of solute molecules) to an area of low concentration of solvent molecules (high concentration of solute molecules). Osmosis attempts to equalize the solute concentrations on both sides. Tonality is the amount of solute in a solution. A Solute is any dissolved substance in a solution. An isotonic solutions concentration of solutes is equal to inside the cell. The solvent leaves and enters the cell at the same rate, therefore there is no et change; the cells contents are in equilibrium with the solution outside the cell wall. A hypotonic solution outside the ce ll has a concentration of solutes that is lower than inside the cell. This tonality causes the solvent to rush into the cell, forcing the cell to swell and sometimes burst (osmotic lysine). A hypersonic solution has a higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell, causing the solvent to leave the cell. Cells placed in a hypersonic solution will shrink as the solvent leaves the cells. Plant cells react differently to osmosis than animal cells. When an animal cell is placed in a hypersonic solution, water will leave the cell causing it to shrink, this is known as creation. When a plant cell is placed in a hypersonic solution the cell membrane will pull away from the cell wall, making the plant flaccid, this is known as polynomials. When an animal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water will rush in to the cell, causing it to swell and sometimes burst. A plant cell placed in a hypotonic solution will also swell due to water rushing in, but will resist rupturing due to the rigid cell wall. Plant cells come more rigid in a hypotonic solution. In this activity we will be observing the effects of potato slices and red blood cells being placed in varying molar levels of Niacin. Methods The materials used for the first part of the experiment comprised of the following: a microscope, 4 slides, 4 slide covers, blood samples, lancet, a sheet of paper towel, 3 test tube droppers, Solutions A, Solutions B, and Solution C. Blood samples from a volunteer within the group were used to conduct the experiment. The volunteers hands were thoroughly washed and an alcohol swab was applied to further sanitize the hands. To gather the blood samples needed, a lancet was properly placed on the forefinger and a firm pressure was applied, which activated the needle inside to spring forward and pierce through the skin. The pierced through finger was massaged to ensure sufficient amount of blood was extracted. A drop of blood was placed in each of the slides. Immediately after, 1 drop of Solution A was added to Slide 2, 1 drop of Solution B was added to Slide 3, and 1 drop of Solution C was added to Slide 4. Slide 1 served as the control, therefore, no solution drops were added to Slide 1. All 4 slides were lined up on paper towel with its corresponding labels: Control, Solution A, Solution B, and Solution C. Once all slides were prepared, the microscope was adjusted appropriately. The slide labeled Control was placed under the microscope at the lowest magnification. The microscope was further calibrated and adjusted accordingly to the higher magnification to view best results under the microscope. The team reviewed the tonality and size of the cells under the microscope and observations were noted. The next 3 slides were viewed under the microscope in the same manner as the control slide. Each slide as examined, evaluated, and analyzed by the individual team members. Observations and conclusions were drawn for each slide and solution. The following materials were prepared for the second part of the experiment: four pieces of potato sliced in identical proportions, Solution A, Solution B, and Solution C in its respective containers with corresponding labels. One potato was placed on a clean piece of paper towel and was labeled the control. The three remaining slices of potato were each placed in a Solutions container and submerged for twenty minutes. After twenty minutes, potatoes were taken UT of the solutions and placed on the paper towel. Each potato was evaluated and analyzed by the individual team members. Observations were noted and conclusions were drawn for each potato and solution. Results Image l. A drop of blood is smeared onto a glass slide, without any added solution, and then examined under a microscope. This is the Control slide, which will facilitate comparison and contrast of red blood cells in different unknown solutions. Image II. A drop of blood is smeared onto a glass slide with an Unknown Solution A and examined under the microscope. Compared to the Control, shrinkage of red blood cells is evident, which suggests creation. Image Ill. Solution B is added to a drop of blood on a glass slide, which is then evaluated under a microscope. In comparison to the Control slide, the red blood cells are swollen. Image IV. This image is displaying a drop of blood that is mixed with Unknown Solution C. Upon observation, the red blood cells maintained the same shape as our control sample. The solution equally moved in and out of each cell. Discussion Cells placed in solution A, displayed signs of creation, indicating the solution was hypersonic. The cells that were placed in solution B showed signs that they were swelling and that hemolytic taking place as well as, indicating the solution was hypotonic. Lastly, cells were placed in solution C, which maintained constant volume and pressure, identical to our control indicating the solution was isotonic. The findings were consistent with the principle behind tonality. Hypersonic solutions have a higher concentration of solutes than the cell; therefore, the cell displays water flowing out to maintain equilibrium, thus resulting in creation. On the other hand, in hypotonic solution, the extracurricular space has a lower incineration of solutes, thus enabling water to flow in, which results in cell swelling and possibly hemolytic. In a hypotonic environment, where the water moves into the cell by osmosis and causes its volume to increase to the point where the volume exceeds the membranes capacity and the cell bursts. In isotonic solution, the solute concentrations are in equilibrium so there is equal movement of water in or out of the cell. Tonality is the relative concentration of solutions that determine the direction and extent of diffusion. Cells have a certain malarial and when they are placed in a solution of different malarial, a incineration gradient forms and that creates osmotic pressure on the cells membrane. In order to maintain equilibr ium between the cell and the solution, passive transport occurs. As mentioned above, there are three levels of tonality: isotonic, hypotonic and hypersonic. We also observed strips of potatoes in the same solutions A, B and C. When the potato was placed in hypersonic solution, the cells shrunk, allowing more room to bend without breaking. In an isotonic solution, there was equal movement of water so the potato remained at the same rigidity. In a hypotonic solution, the cells became swollen and closer gather, making the potato more rigid. Conclusion Initially, this experiment was to determine the effects of tonality (Hypersonic; cells shrink, Hypotonic; cells swell, Isotonic; cells remain the same) on a cell B, C). The data collected during this experiment supported the determination of the effects of tonality, the relative concentration of solutions that determine the direction and extent of diffusion. After the initial prick of the finger a drop of blood was placed on each slide. For slides A, B and C there was one drop of the each unknown solution then the cover was placed over the blood. Immediately, there after the slide was placed under a microscope for a real naked eye view of the red blood cells. There were 4 slides in total including the control slide. What was not expected to occur was for the controlled slide to have had too much blood dropped which resulted in the cells not separating at all. It was determined that a second control slide was needed. The three slides with the unknown solution were inspected under the microscope as well. During this time it was noted whether each unknown solution mixed with the blood sample was Hypersonic, Hypotonic or Isotonic. After, completing this experiment the next step was to do the same with the potato strips. The potatoes were placed in each unknown solution for twenty minutes. It was also noted that each of the potatoes in the unknown solutions had the same reaction as the red blood cells. The potato in unknown solution A was hypersonic due to the flaccidity of the potato strip. The cells within the potato shrunk. Unknown solution B proved to be hypotonic because the potato felt extremely rigid. The cells became swollen. Unknown solution C proved to be isotonic. The potato was flexible and not too rigid or flaccid. The potato placed in solution C was the most similar to the control potato, which was not placed in any fluid.

Consumer behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Consumer behaviour - Essay Example The essay below discusses the role of marketing in enhancing consumer motivation through application of consumer behaviour models. Marketing links the societal product requirements to the economic responsive strategies. Marketing can be viewed as an organisational function that creates, delivers and communicates value to consumers while managing customer relationships in strategies that are beneficial to the organisation. Most marketing strategies are geared towards understanding the consumer behaviour and providing superior customer value. Consumer behaviour is defined as the buying culture of consumers. Consumer behaviour is affected both intrinsic and extrinsic factors such as perception, the self, motivation, learning and memory, attitudes, group influence and culture. According to Solomon et al (2006: 6), consumer behaviour involves focus on the processes involved when individuals choose, buy, use and dispose products, or services to satisfy their needs or desires. Marketing is a chain of various market components that are interconnected. The components supplements and overlap with each other. Effective marketing entails taking into account the consumer opinion and behaviour that enables manufacturing of goods that suits their needs. Marketers should be able to discern what prompts a consumer to act and what stops them from purchasing products. The aim of studying consumer behaviour is to understand the buyer and make a customer out of them. The study focuses on the processes used to choose, secure, apply and dispose products, experiences, services and ideas in a bid to satisfy consumer needs. The problem remains pertinent even with the modern efforts geared towards improving the motivating aspect of marketing strategies. The buyer is a highly complex entity in the discussions involving consumer behaviour and motivation; their needs are innumerable. Some of the needs are latent, manifest or highly dominant. The marketer should understand that consumers hav e their own ideas on the mechanisms applied in realising needs and desires. Understanding the need-structure and priorities of the buyer will require the marketer to develop a market relationship with the consumer. Consumer behaviour is applied in the formulation of the marketing strategy, public regulations and social marketing. Focus on consumer behaviour leads to the establishment of improved marketing strategies aimed at improving the worth of marketing campaigns and attracting new consumers (Biernat and Sesko, 2012: 138-143). Marketing managers should take into account the psychological aspects of the consumers in identifying the most perfect time for conducting marketing operations in relation to their perceptions on time. Few consumers accept products when newly introduced in the market but they later embrace their use as they penetrate deeper into the markets. This implies that organisations should be well financed to ensure that their products stay afloat when newly introdu ced in the markets. Focus on few numbers of consumers enables them to understand consumer behaviour which they can harness in influencing high numbers of consumers. Marketing strategies such as social marketing does not only aim at promoting products but also enables the companies become acquainted with consumer behavioural peculiarities and apply them in production. Motivation compels individuals to action. It can be defined as the stimulation of any desire or emotion that occurs in response to a consumer’

BME0006 Emerging and Alternative Financial Markets Essay

BME0006 Emerging and Alternative Financial Markets - Essay Example Firstly, it should give a first priority to the needs of the consumer. It has to ensure that the consumers are provided with the best services in a given market as they necessarily dictate the success of every business organization (McVea, 2002, p.6). The mechanism should also ensure high degree of integrity and accountability. Some of the events that are witnessed in the economic study are those that follow certain cycles and need to be studied chronologically so that their adverse effects are not felt repeatedly. Others may not follow any definite patterns and corrective procedures need to be adopted whenever such events are recorded. The regulatory measures that are to be adopted in the financial services should be those that respond differently to each of the emerging situations as per the specific requirements of the situation (Consumer Focus, 2010, p.4). The regulatory approach that is to be adopted after a given financial crisis should be different from the previous approaches and it depends on the current situations that are experienced. A good regulatory procedure on financial services thus responds to the prevailing financial crisis and mitigates the occurrence of future crises (Consumer Focus, 2010, p.2).It should be aimed at developing a competitive market that attracts more investors and focuses solely on the needs of the customers. The anticipated market should be that which allows for the invention innovation by the investing organizations. There are various financial regulatory bodies in the United Kingdom. The main regulatory body is the Financial Services Authority and which provides various regulatory provisions (Great Britain, 2005, p.37; Jaffer, 2005, p.134). The problem that arises is then how to collect the divergent views of the regulatory agencies ad channel them towards the same statutory objective (Consumer Focus, 2010, p.5). The UK Financial Services has had various developments that are geared towards the regulating the provision of financial services in the region. The UK Financial Services Authority has put more emphasis on regulatory measures based on policies and principles. The authority issued a policy statement in July 2007 that was in line with the policy that it had developed the previous year in regard to the principles and rules that govern business conduct by various investment companies (London Update, 2007, p.1). The revised policy would ensure the implementation of the ‘the relevant provisions of the EU Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID) as well as non MiFID Conduct of Business Rules’ (London Update, 2007, p.1). The issue of corporate governance is another approach towards the regulation of the provision of financial services that have been applied in the UK. The investment companies in the UK need to learn and adopt a code of corporate governance in an attempt to comply with the rules and provisions given. The Association of Investment Companies (AIC) gave out a gui de on Corporate Governance to its members in June 2007 that included both the AIC code and the UK combined code on Corporate Governance (London Update, 2007, p.1). Deceptive misstatements in the regular disclosure to the market have also been another issue in the UK financial sector. There have been various legal provisions that govern who are to be held responsible for such misstatement in the market. Section

Child Care College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Child Care College - Essay Example In contemplating the kind of assistance parents should resort to for child care, it is essential that the requirement of a safe and happy environment that fun, educational and nurturing is met. Baby sitters are often among the top choice of parents in their decisions on which kind of help they would embark for their child. Though this is the case, it does not in any way conclusively suggest that it is the best practice. I would argue that child care from a licensed child care center is undeniably better than care from a baby sitter which is also fondly called as nanny. A child care center provides care for groups of children. They often provide entertainment and activities for all of the children to take part in. In child care centers, the space and equipment is designed strictly for the intended use of the facility (www.childcarehelp.org). Children tend to be grouped with others their own age and activities can be designed to meet the needs of each classroom of children. Most caregivers in a center are required to have education in child development or early childhood education, and all staffs are required to have annual in-service training in child development. ... In exchange for a bed, food and allowance they will look after the child or children while the parents go to work (www.babycenter.com). A live out nanny, on the other hand, will live in their own home and come to the house as and when arranged to look after the children. Either form of nanny would be considered an employee of the family (www.nannysource.com). The individual care offered to a child is the primary reason that many people select this service for their infant care needs. Parents are also able to have almost complete control over activities, feeding times and any other factor of the child's daily lives. Obviously in home care is the most expensive form of day care or any other care that is available but does offer a one on one service in exchange. There are a lot of disadvantages of babysitting though parents may think that it is the best care since there is a one to one interaction. Nanny care is unsupervised and our parents must do careful screening of any potential caregiver. The most glaring disadvantage is the expense, because, after all, our parents are paying someone's salary, and they are likely to be working a long day. Nanny care is the most expensive form of child care that I think our families could have, with most of us paying 18K - $40K per year for nannies (www.nannysource.com). Nannies are in high demand and there is a lot of competition in the marketplace for the qualified nanny. Lack of socialization may be an issue for an only child. Not all child care logistical problems are magically solved by nanny care. There may be issues on how to cover days when the nanny is ill or if there are weather emergencies which I

Analysing The Malaysian Construction Industry Construction Essay

Analysing The Malaysian Construction Industry Construction Essay Abstract: The Malaysian construction industry is undergoing a transitional change from an industry employing conventional technology to a more systematic and mechanized system. This new system is now known as the Industrialized Building System (IBS). This new method of construction can increase productivity and quality of work through the use of better construction machinery, equipment, materials and extensive pre-project planning. This study becomes very necessary since there is yet no organized body, which can provide the necessary information on the building cost comparison between the conventional system and industrialized building system in Malaysias construction industry. This study also addresses the building cost comparison of the conventional system and industrialized building system of formwork system. It provides the details building cost between the conventional system and the formwork system and indicates which of the two is cheaper. The data were collected through quest ionnaire survey and case study, which consisting of institutional buildings. Through the statistical test t-test it is shown that there is a significant difference in cost saving for the conventional system as compared to the formwork system (industrialized building system) Key words: Conventional, Formwork System, Building Cost, Comparison INTRODUCTION The Malaysian construction industry is undergoing a transitional change from an industry employing conventional technologies to a more systematic and mechanized system employing the latest computer and communication technologies. This is vital for the future health of the industry, given the trend towards global competition and the advent of the k-economy. The Industrialized Building System (IBS) has been introduced in Malaysia since the 60s by the use of precast concrete beam-column elements. Since the demand of building construction has increased rapidly, it is necessary to innovate a construction method, which speeds up the building construction process. Abdullah et ad. [1] has listed the various types of building systems currently available in Malaysia. Few definitions of industrialized building system are also given by various authors [2]. To sum-up, in general, the IBS is a methodology whereby a local construction industry is driven towards the adoption of an integrated and encouraging key players in the construction industry to produce and utilize pre-fabricated and mass production of the building at their work sites. This will help to enhance the efficiency of construction process, allowing a higher productivity, quality, time and cost saving. The construction cost of a building using precast components should be assessed in its overall context. The traditional method of costing by material quantities with a fixed factor for labor cost can lead to incorrect estimation. For example, if labor usage is halved, this will more than compensate for a 10% material increase. More importantly, there is saving in time. Also, if properly designed and executed, precast can lead to much better quality of work. The overall cost impact of precast has therefore to take all these factors into consideration. With the rising costs of labor and less assurance of dependable skilled manpower, the trend is that precast construction will become increasingly competitive compared to cast-in-place construction [3]. Classification of Industrialized Building System Industrialization: The Oxford English Dictionary (1991) defines industrialization as the process of industrializing or fact of being industrialized; also, the conversion of an organization into an industry. However, industrialization in this study means industrial methods employed, referring to especially, prefabrication, mechanization and standardization. The meaning of prefabricated, according to the same dictionary, is, to manufacture, sections of building or similar structure, in a factory or yard prior to their assembly on a site. However, prefabrication in this study is the assembly of buildings or their components at a location other than the building site. The types of construction methods range from a conventional construction method to fully prefabricated construction method. Generally, the construction methods are classified here into four categories: * Conventional construction method * Cast-in-situ * Composite method * Fully pre-fabricated method. Conventional Construction Method: Conventional building method is defined as components of the building that are pre-fabricated on site through the processes or timber or plywood formwork installation, steel reinforcement and cast in-situ. Conventional building are, mostly built of reinforced concrete frames [4]. The traditional construction method uses wooden formwork. It is much more costly for construction, which includes labor, raw material, transportation and low speed of construction time [5]. Cast-in-situ Construction Method: This system is suitable for a country where unskilled labor is limited. There is no heavy machinery or high technology involved. The system is technically applicable to almost all types of building. Formwork is used as a mould, where wet concrete, is poured into a temporary system. The temporary system also acts as a temporary support for the structures. The objective of in-situ method is to eliminate and to reduce the traditional site based trades like traditional timber formwork, brickwork, plastering and to reduce labor content. A carefully planned in-situ work can maximize the productivity, speed and accuracy of prefabricated construction. Cast in-situ method uses lightweight prefabricated formwork made of steel/fiberglass/aluminum that is easily erected and dismantled. The steel reinforcement is placed within the formwork as they are being erected and concrete is poured into the mould. When the concrete is set according to the required strength the mould are dismantled. The workers can be trained easily to erect the moulds and set the steel reinforcement. Its advantages over the traditional construction method are, its low skill requirement, can be quickly constructed, maintenance is low, structure is durable and cost can be less [5]. Composite Construction Method: The objectives of composite construction method (partially prefabricated) are to improve quality, reduce cost and shorten construction time. The concept of partial industrialized is derived from the composite nature of full industrialization and is used to describe a manufacturing or production strategy that selectively uses some industrializing aspects, while avoiding or postponing the use of others. The prefabricated construction method is combined in such a manner the features applied could be prominently demonstrated especially composing various work such as temporary facilities, building frames, building finishes and equipments [5]. Fully Prefabricated Construction Method: In this method of construction, all elements that can be standardized are prefabricated in the factory. Normally, this method would involve the assembly of precast elements such as floor slabs, in filled walls, bathrooms, staircases, etc. into place for incorporation into the main unit, columns and beams. This method of construction has reduced the amount of site labor involved in building operations and increased the productivity of the industry. Precast building systems can reduce the duration of a project if certain conditions are met [6]. The last three construction methods are considered nonconventional construction methods. These types of construction are specifically aimed to increase productivity and quality of work through the use of better construction machinery, equipment, technology and materials. The main important point to consider here is the particular construction method most suitable for a particular project [7]. Method of Cost Comparison in Construction Industry: During the past decade a large number of such studies has been carried out and published. In the existing studies three principal approaches for comparing costs of building projects among countries can be distinguished [8-11]: * Comparison of standardized identical buildings * Comparison of standard buildings with local modifications * Comparison of functionally similar buildings Comparison of Standardized Identical Buildings: With the first method exactly the same buildings work is priced on the basis of the same drawings and specifications. This is possible only in theory, largely as a result of national (or even regional) differences which exist in architecture, standards, availability of products, etc. The building and the costs will be comparable, but they are not necessarily representative. Comparison of Standard Buildings with Local Modifications: Better representivity can be achieved when modifications for local circumstances, like building codes, standards, specification levels, are taken into account. Comparison of Functionally Similar Buildings: With the third approach, typical, functionally similar buildings are compared: this means building types, which are representative. Not only locally divergent circumstances and quality-levels are taken into account, but also various performance and aesthetic criteria, which reflect typical client requirements or tenant expectations for a building in that sector. The buildings and the costs are representative, but not necessarily comparable. Arguably apples are being compared with oranges [12]. A meaningful comparison must take into account all relevant (time-dependant and quantity-dependant) cost components, classified as follows [13]: * Labour; Direct Indirect * Materials * Investment * General expenses (site and plant) * Transportation (for system construction only) * Overhead As for this study the method of cost comparison used is standardised identical buildings and functionally similar buildings while the unit is cost per gross floor area. Research Methodology: Data was collected by using mail questionnaire. To strengthen the finding of the survey and to assist in providing the information about building cost comparison study, a case study was also conducted. However the major approach was using questionnaire, considering such factors on sample size, time, cost and efforts. Questionnaire method was chosen as the appropriate approach for this study. Questionnaire can reach a large number of respondents in different locations of the country at a relatively lower cost, shorter time and less effort as compared to other data collection methods. The questionnaires were sent to the general manager, project manager, technical executive, managing director and project director. The questionnaires were mailed to the respondents, accompanied by a covering letter, self addressed and stamped envelope. The case study was conducted on building cost comparison of 1 unit 4-storey of school building project carried out by Public Works de partment, Malaysia, which uses conventional system and formwork system. Data gathered on building cost of building systems in Malaysia were processed and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Figure 1 shows building cost-saving in term of percentage. Forty tow percent of the respondents agreed that conventional construction method are more cost saving, 25% agreed that composite construction method are most cost saving, 21% agreed that formwork system are most cost saving. Last but not least only 12% agreed that prefabricated construction method are most cost saving. The previous study showed clearly the advantages of using formwork system (cast in-situ). These were speed, quality and economics [5]. However, the results of the analysis revealed that the conventional construction method is more cost saving compared to the IBS method. According to the reasons given by the respondents, the conventional system is more cost saving as compared to formwork system was because of better negotiations and chances to get the most competitive tender price appropriate to the developers budget. There is also flexibility in choosing alternative building materials at a lower cost. Therefore, building cost can be reduced. As for the IBS, there are limited to a few manufacturers or specialized contractors. This contributed to the higher cost of building due to higher licensing cost and they tend to be monopolized by the higher price of the building panel or other building components. Formwork System Case Study: The selected industrialized building system case study is based on formwork system. This system is suitable for a country where unskilled labor is limited. There is no heavy machinery or high technology involved. The system is technically applicable to almost all type of buildings. Formwork are used as a mould, where wet concrete, is poured into a temporary system. The temporary system also acts as a temporary support for the structures. This In-situ method is to eliminate and reduce the traditional site based trades like traditional timber formwork, brickwork, plastering and to reduce labor content. Carefully planned in-situ work can maximize the productivity, speed and accuracy of prefabricated construction [5]. The main objective of this case study is to study the cost comparison of school building cost of 1 unit 4-Storey (academic block) project carried out by Public Works Department, Malaysia, which uses conventional/traditional system and formwork sy stem. The conventional and formwork system building cost is based on analysis of the Elemental Cost Analysis (ECA) form. The formwork system is based on the combination of pre-fabrication and in-situ conventional construction, which features the utilization of permanent concrete for elements instead of conventional timber formwork. Building Cost Information: The main objective of this case study is to study the cost comparison of 4-storey school buildings, which used conventional/traditional system and formwork system. The conventional system building and the formwork system cost is based on elemental cost analysis form from the Public Work Department, Malaysia [14]. Cost Comparison: Table 1 shows the mean difference between 1 unit four storey school building of conventional and formwork system for 20 numbers of data. The mean cost of conventional system is RM 432 per square meter whereby the formwork system is RM 544 per square meter. The difference is RM112 per square meter. Although the difference is RM112 per square meter the total of the square meter for 1 unit 4-storey school building is about 2000 square meter. This shows that there is a wide difference between IBS and Conventional. In laymans term the IBS is very expensive. For example, if the government wish to build 20 school building of the same IBS, this means the cost will be very high. Therefore, all efforts must be made to reduce this so as to ensure the future use of IBS method is feasible. The t-test analysis is a statistical analysis to test the difference between two variables. The purpose is to show the significance level of the building cost comparison between 1 unit four storey school buildings using conventional system and formwork system. The present study used a two-tailed test The underlying reason for application of the two-tailed test over onetailed test is to ensure that the result obtained is compatible. If only one-tailed test is used, then the result obtained might not be the same with that of a two-tailed test. If the result shows the difference between conventional and formwork system is not significant then, the study cannot conclude that formwork system is more expensive than conventional system. Perhaps, The formwork system is only expensive for certain numbers of buildings based on 20 numbers of data available. Table 2 shows the result of the t-test conducted using IBS (formwork system) and conventional methods. It has been found that there is a 0.000 (last column) or 100% confidence level. This therefore, confirms that cost of building using formwork system method is expensive compared to the conventional method. The mean difference is RM 112 per square meter shows that formwork system is more expensive compared to conventional system. The highest building cost difference per square meter is RM 149 and the lowest difference is RM 75 per square meter. This analysis, which was carried out was based on Elemental Cost Analysis Form (ECA) from Public Works Department, Malaysia shows 1 unit 4-storey school building cost using conventional system and formwork system. The cost provided uses the same type of contract. With reference to Table 1, the mean cost of conventional system is RM 432 per square meter, where as the formwork system is RM 544 per square meter. The difference is RM 112 per square meter from 20 numbers of data. The results showed that the difference is significant with a 100% confidence levels. Therefore, the conventional cost is cheaper, compared to formwork system. This finding is in coherence with the results already obtained in an earlier survey analysis. CONCLUSION According to the reasons given by the respondents, the conventional system is more cost saving as compared to formwork system (IBS) since it provides better negotiation chances so as to obtain the most competitive tender price appropriate to the developers budget. There is also flexibility in choosing alternative building materials at lower cost. Therefore, building cost can be reduced. As for the IBS, there are limited to a few manufacturers or specialized contractors. This contributes to the higher cost of building since a higher licensing cost is levied on the IBS panel and they tend to be monopolized by the higher price of the building panel or other building components. From the results of the case study, it can be concluded that the conventional construction system is more cost saving as compared to the formwork system (IBS). The case study results are also in coherence with the result from the survey analysis. Most of the organized body in the construction industry thought that the building cost of IBS is more cost saving compared to conventional system. However, the present study proved the results was opposite to what was thought earlier.

Analysis of Cadburys Essay -- Business Management Companies Essays

Analysis of Cadbury's Background to business The Cadbury’s company started manufacturing chocolate in Birmingham in 1824. It was set up by Mr. John Cadbury. In the year 1847 the company changed when John and his brother Benjamin became partners and the company became known as the Cadbury Brothers of Birmingham. A year later the retail side of the business, which was allocated in Bull Street was passed to nephew, Richard Cadbury Barrow. In February 1854 the company received their first Royal warrant as ‘manufacturers of cocoa and chocolate to Queen Victoria. The company still holds the royal warrants of appointment. In 1861 both Richard and George Cadbury took over the business when their father retired. The Cadbury brothers were dissatisfied with the quality of cocoa products that were being produced by manufacturers including their own, for this reason the brothers wished to improve the quality of Cadbury cocoa products as to help the business to survive and prosper. The brother visited to the Van Houten Factory in Holland, after the visited the Cadbury brothers, started using a new processing technique. The Cadbury brothers introduced this new process for pressing cocoa butter from cocoa beans, the process made a more palatable cocoa essence. The company remained in Birmingham for 32 years and by then the factory had become too small for the worker force. The brothers decided that they had to move the factory to larger premises. The source of the quote below is cadburys.co.uk site. "Why should an industrial area be squalid and depressing?" Both brothers asked. "Why should not the industrial worker enjoy country air and occupations without being separated from his work?" "If the country is a good place to live in, why not to work in?" In 1878 the company was move to Bournville. After the death of Richard Cadbury in 1899, the Cadbury business became a private limited company: Cadbury Brothers Limited. George Cadbury became the Chairman of the Company’s new Board. The other directors were Barrow and William A. Cadbury (sons of Richard) and George’s own two sons, Edward and George Cadbury Junior. The Bournville factory site became a 'series of factories within a factory', as everything needed for the business was produced on site, with tin box pressing plants, carton making units, a design studio and pri... ...ain quality to their chocolate. PRICE Cadburys price their products competitively with their competitors. Cadburys products can be found in most local corner shops, Cadburys chocolates are price at the same price as their competitor: Example; Cadbury whole nut would cost 35 pence, while a Mars bar and Galaxy bar could also cost 35 pence. PLACE Cadbury sells anywhere where there is a demand for their products, special if there many customers that want to buy their products. Cadbury would sell their products to shops (business) that deals with beverages and confectionery like (Iceland, Sainsbury, Kwick Save, Tesco, Asda, Safeway) and also in post offices and newsagents and in vending machines. PROMOTION Through Cadburys promotional activities it can be clearly seen that they have been guided by their promotional and marketing objectives of "maximising profit† and also â€Å"to increase the sales†. Achievement of these objectives enables the business to meet the business objectives of being â€Å"Number one product in a given market†. Cadburys Company are the number one seller of chocolate confectionary product on the market, in the Europe and world-wide. Analysis of Cadbury's Essay -- Business Management Companies Essays Analysis of Cadbury's Background to business The Cadbury’s company started manufacturing chocolate in Birmingham in 1824. It was set up by Mr. John Cadbury. In the year 1847 the company changed when John and his brother Benjamin became partners and the company became known as the Cadbury Brothers of Birmingham. A year later the retail side of the business, which was allocated in Bull Street was passed to nephew, Richard Cadbury Barrow. In February 1854 the company received their first Royal warrant as ‘manufacturers of cocoa and chocolate to Queen Victoria. The company still holds the royal warrants of appointment. In 1861 both Richard and George Cadbury took over the business when their father retired. The Cadbury brothers were dissatisfied with the quality of cocoa products that were being produced by manufacturers including their own, for this reason the brothers wished to improve the quality of Cadbury cocoa products as to help the business to survive and prosper. The brother visited to the Van Houten Factory in Holland, after the visited the Cadbury brothers, started using a new processing technique. The Cadbury brothers introduced this new process for pressing cocoa butter from cocoa beans, the process made a more palatable cocoa essence. The company remained in Birmingham for 32 years and by then the factory had become too small for the worker force. The brothers decided that they had to move the factory to larger premises. The source of the quote below is cadburys.co.uk site. "Why should an industrial area be squalid and depressing?" Both brothers asked. "Why should not the industrial worker enjoy country air and occupations without being separated from his work?" "If the country is a good place to live in, why not to work in?" In 1878 the company was move to Bournville. After the death of Richard Cadbury in 1899, the Cadbury business became a private limited company: Cadbury Brothers Limited. George Cadbury became the Chairman of the Company’s new Board. The other directors were Barrow and William A. Cadbury (sons of Richard) and George’s own two sons, Edward and George Cadbury Junior. The Bournville factory site became a 'series of factories within a factory', as everything needed for the business was produced on site, with tin box pressing plants, carton making units, a design studio and pri... ...ain quality to their chocolate. PRICE Cadburys price their products competitively with their competitors. Cadburys products can be found in most local corner shops, Cadburys chocolates are price at the same price as their competitor: Example; Cadbury whole nut would cost 35 pence, while a Mars bar and Galaxy bar could also cost 35 pence. PLACE Cadbury sells anywhere where there is a demand for their products, special if there many customers that want to buy their products. Cadbury would sell their products to shops (business) that deals with beverages and confectionery like (Iceland, Sainsbury, Kwick Save, Tesco, Asda, Safeway) and also in post offices and newsagents and in vending machines. PROMOTION Through Cadburys promotional activities it can be clearly seen that they have been guided by their promotional and marketing objectives of "maximising profit† and also â€Å"to increase the sales†. Achievement of these objectives enables the business to meet the business objectives of being â€Å"Number one product in a given market†. Cadburys Company are the number one seller of chocolate confectionary product on the market, in the Europe and world-wide.

Diet and Health

After taking the cholesterol, heart and blood pressure quizzes at Intelihealth. com, I have obtained a score of 73% wherein out of the total 11 questions, I got 8 correct questions, 64% wherein out of the total 14 questions, I got 9 correct questions and 67% wherein out of the total 12 questions, I got 8 correct questions. Because of the positive result, I believe that I know an adequate amount of information about cholesterol and blood pressure. Though not that extensive, I am aware of the basic facts regarding risk factors, prevention, or treatment.Through this exercise, I have acquired new ideas about cholesterol. I have learned about the correct cholesterol level that adults should keep in mind in order to eliminate the risk of heart diseases. However, â€Å"a high level of LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol) also increases the possibility of having a heart disease, as does a LOW level of HDL cholesterol (â€Å"good† cholesterol) (InteliHealth, â€Å"Choleterol Quiz† ). Another interesting fact that I have learned was that blacks are more susceptible to having high blood pressure than white people. (InteliHealth, â€Å"Heart Quiz†).Also, a â€Å"silent killer† disorder takes the form of high blood pressure or hypertension, does not usually show any symptoms so it is advisable that everyone regularly go to the doctor for medical check-ups to monitor one's physical condition (InteliHealth, â€Å"Blood Pressure Quiz†). Given all these facts, everyone should be constantly aware of the food that they take in order to monitor their cholesterol levels. More so, regular visits to the doctor can minimize the occurrence of heart and blood pressure-related diseases. As a result, people would be living a more a healthy lifestyle thus extending their life span.

Woman Warrior Letter

Woman Warrior Letter After reading The Woman Warrior, I had a lot of questions. First of all, some of these questions were a result of the unfamiliar structure of the novel. I was confused by the many stories told in the memoir. When I read them as separate stories, I could not see a point to all of them; I did not notice how and if they were connected and I did not understand why Kingston was telling them. Since they did not directly relate to her life, I could not see their purpose, and they plain out confused me. But I think that she did this for that purpose- for the reader to struggle along with the protagonist and for the reader to become confused just as the story-teller is.Two things that confuse me is how the narrator jumped back and forth between viewpoints and also time periods. For example, she jumps between the point of view of Brave Orchid, Fa Mu Lan, and the protagonist.LAN 1I found it interesting that her memoir was made up of the stories of others. Then I noticed that the protagonist oft en credited these stories to others and just hinted that some of the notions were creations of her imagination. I think Kingston uses this technique to hint to the reader that the protagonist is defining herself in the terms of others; except in the last section when she finally speaks for herself.2 Another part of the memoirÂÆ' ¢Ã‚ ¢Ã‚‚ ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚„ ¢s structure that added to my confusion was the fact that I did not know what the overall plot was. Since I did not know the ultimate point the author was getting to, it confused me when she moved between different periods in time with different stories. The combination of these ÂÆ' ¢Ã‚ ¢Ã‚‚ ¬Ã‚…“foreignÂÆ' ¢Ã‚ ¢Ã‚‚ ¬Ã‚‚  writing techniques made it...

Free Essays on Dante

By: John Kame Dante Alighieri was the first and best Italian poet and wrote mainly on love and religion. His Divine Comedy is considered the greatest book of the last millennium. George Steiner said, "Dante’s totality of poet form and philosophic thought, of local universality and language, remains unrivaled. At a time where the notion of culture and of European culture in particular, is somewhat in doubt, Dante is the sovereign underwriter. His are the solutions beyond logic† (Twito 5). On June 5, 1265 Dante was born Durante Alighieri, Dante was a nickname, in Florence, Italy. His family was of decayed nobility with some pretensions to power (Giles 1). He was taught the classics and scholastic Christian literature, and wrote much poetry when he was young, consisting mainly of love lyrics in the style of Guido Guinizelli and Guido Cavalcanti. This style that used poetical art not only to speak about love, but to celebrate it, he called Stilnovo which means â€Å"new style† (Gil es 2). He fell in love with a woman named Beatrice, who was also called Bice di Folco Portinarti by some, whom he met only twice in 1274 and 1283 at the age of nine and eighteen respectively. His love was a transformation of courtly love popularized by the Provencal literature of minstrels, troubadours, and the such. To Dante, Beatrice symbolized divine grace and supreme beauty. He wrote La Vita Nuova about her, and she was his guide through Purgatory in La Divina Commedia (Auerbach 1). Because Beatrice died in 1290, Dante married Gemma di Manetto Donati even though he didn’t completely love her. They had between three and seven children together (Giles 1). 2 Dante, who was in the Guelph party, was deeply involved in the issues and events of his day, which reflected in his writing. He was a member of the Florentine cavalry that routed the Ghibellines at Campaldio in 1289. In 1300 he became one of the six priors, or governors, of Florence (Mojana 56). At t... Free Essays on Dante Free Essays on Dante By: John Kame Dante Alighieri was the first and best Italian poet and wrote mainly on love and religion. His Divine Comedy is considered the greatest book of the last millennium. George Steiner said, "Dante’s totality of poet form and philosophic thought, of local universality and language, remains unrivaled. At a time where the notion of culture and of European culture in particular, is somewhat in doubt, Dante is the sovereign underwriter. His are the solutions beyond logic† (Twito 5). On June 5, 1265 Dante was born Durante Alighieri, Dante was a nickname, in Florence, Italy. His family was of decayed nobility with some pretensions to power (Giles 1). He was taught the classics and scholastic Christian literature, and wrote much poetry when he was young, consisting mainly of love lyrics in the style of Guido Guinizelli and Guido Cavalcanti. This style that used poetical art not only to speak about love, but to celebrate it, he called Stilnovo which means â€Å"new style† (Gil es 2). He fell in love with a woman named Beatrice, who was also called Bice di Folco Portinarti by some, whom he met only twice in 1274 and 1283 at the age of nine and eighteen respectively. His love was a transformation of courtly love popularized by the Provencal literature of minstrels, troubadours, and the such. To Dante, Beatrice symbolized divine grace and supreme beauty. He wrote La Vita Nuova about her, and she was his guide through Purgatory in La Divina Commedia (Auerbach 1). Because Beatrice died in 1290, Dante married Gemma di Manetto Donati even though he didn’t completely love her. They had between three and seven children together (Giles 1). 2 Dante, who was in the Guelph party, was deeply involved in the issues and events of his day, which reflected in his writing. He was a member of the Florentine cavalry that routed the Ghibellines at Campaldio in 1289. In 1300 he became one of the six priors, or governors, of Florence (Mojana 56). At t...

Day Reporting Centers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Day Reporting Centers - Research Paper Example Segregation of cells may prove to be useful for a while but the psychological and social impacts of the practice proved detrimental to many offenders who may not actually deserve such harsh treatments. Alternatives to imprisonment and rehabilitation process for inmates were an evolution of the penology system. This paper will discuss day reporting center as an alternative to imprisonment and as a rehabilitation program. It will determine the positive and negative aspects of the program through consideration of actual studies and recommend proposals for consideration. Section 1: The Day Reporting Center chosen for this essay is the Hampden County Day reporting Center. It supervises inmates who are within four months of release. These inmates live in their homes, they have work, and were involved in positive activities in the community (McCarthy, 2011). Day reporting centers hae become an alternative to jail sentencing with the integration of community service while serving the sentenc es of inmates. Intensive programming with cost-effective system and intensive supervision to ensure community safety are some of its features (Marciniak, 1999). Prior to the formal launching of the day reporting center in October 1986, Hampden already had a history of a pre-release center. The area used was the Sheriff’s House as initiated by county Sheriff Michael Ashe. The inmates who were part of the pre-release program work and join community service as well as participate in activities for Alcoholics Anonymous, work-out regimens at YMCA, and Narcotics Anonymous (McCarthy 2011). The history of the use of day reporting center dates back to early 1970s in the United Kingdom when there was a clamor for an option for older petty criminals (Larivee, 1990). In addition, probation officials also noted the need to inmates for continued family and social ties as well as secure or continue employment. The UK Parliament created the day treatment centers as requested by the British H ome Office in 1972. Prison overcrowding was also an immediate reason for the adoption of local probation agencies and open centers for group rehabilitation (Parent, 1990). In addition, the prison officers were also having problems addressing behaviour of offenders who have the least criminal cases (Mair, 1990). Day treatment centers were formalized with the passing f the Criminal Justice Act of 1982 so that there were already about 80 that existed by mid 1980s in England and Wales (Mair, 1990). Characteristics of day reporting centers, however, varied (Marciniak, 1999). There are various other reasons for the justification of the creation of day reporting centers such as cost-effectiveness, incapacity, retribution, and rehabilitation. It has been considered as different from other rehabilitation programs for its marked concentration on rehabilitation as the staff assess individual needs and offenses prior to consideration for day reporting enter participation (Marciniak, 1999). The launch of the Day Reporting Center was due to the worsening overcrowding. The staffs are those already experienced in the Sheriff’s House so that the program drew from actual experience. Key program features include the monitoring of behaviour, thus, the participants were required to report and call daily at the center and observed by the staff. They also follow a strict daily schedule such as being home when expected to there, and they are monitored through

How Do We Know What We Know Quiz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How Do We Know What We Know Quiz - Essay Example It helps in expounding cultural, economic and political life of different societies. When one explore different areas, the experience acquired living among different people provide concrete information than the written sources in the media. The media provides insight information on activities and way of living in different communities. The media briefly outline what is one expect when were live among these communities. These social realities supplement the information we have, what we think we know and having common sense, we can derive the fact about the social, economic and spiritual life of any given society on earth. Amueshas, also called Yaneshas is an ethnic group in the Peruvian Amazonian forest. According to the media sources, Amueshas is a small group that is almost 2.9% of the registered indigenous inhabitant of the Amazonia of Peru (speedlook.com, 2015). The media sources state that Amueshas communities are located high altitude borders of River Picis, Cacazu, and Yurinaqui. Amueshas are dominant in Yaneshas communities. Their language group is Arahuaco. The westerns arrived in this region in the 16th century as missionaries and meet this group. The western intermingled with them and established a stable co-existence with this group. Western attempted to colonize these communities by consolidating them in towns and possessing their properties. Amueshas grouped itself and formed trade union that help to regain lost possessions’. The invasion of the white resulted in the change of life habits of Amueshas. They were hunting for obtain a daily meal, but this have changed. This group ha s diversified into agriculture and other forest activities as a source of income. Their tradition is one way that would help in knowing their way of life before the colonial era. The way this group has preserved it language would personal experience on customs. Expert authorities have always considered the minority groups in the Amazon forest as hunters. The

Communitiies Of Practice (COP) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Communitiies Of Practice (COP) - Essay Example The CoP could also meet on a regular basis or depends on the common availability of the members. Likewise, due to the advancement of technology, the members could also utilize the computer and internet, i.e. group sites, web pages, e-mail, blogs, wikis, podcasting, and/or file sharing to keep connected and updated.2 The practice of CoP had long been existed throughout the society. In fact, it had been observed and practiced in the classical Greece wherein the Greeks were subdivided and lived according to their shared common interests and beliefs. The people who have the same crafts such as the metalworkers, potters, masons, etc. belonged to the same group because they work and learn together. Each group had their own business function in which they were responsible to share their skills and spread the innovation through training and coaching apprentices/novices. Whilst, each group had shared social purpose wherein they â€Å"worshipped the same god and goddesses and celebrated holid ays together.† 3The practice had been very common; however, the term was only coined recently by Etienne Wenger and Jean Lave. Originally, the term was used to name a group of traditional African tailors who couched and trained their apprentices. 4 Further, the two have concluded that learning could be a two-way process wherein the apprentices could learn from their masters/instructors and vice versa. Since then the two researchers have expanded the CoP concept and had been widely incorporated in organizations, government, businesses, teams, work groups, corporations and among others. Etienne Wenger and William Snyder have considered community of practice as an important instrument because it could improve organizational performance as long as it is implemented accordingly. The advantages of CoP have included its ability to drive strategy. Several organizations have proven this, i.e. the World Bank. Since, they had integrated in their management the concept of CoP; they become â€Å"knowledge bank†5 because they had provided their customers’ high-quality information as well as they gained know-how on economic development. Likewise, the CoP could also start new lines of businesses. An example of this was the one cited by Wegner and Snyder, wherein a group of consultants created a community and they decided to meet regularly at the airport after their engagement with their clients to discuss over their common interests. After a couple of years, this group had established a new line of business that offered financial services due to community of practice. The CoP could also used to solve problems quickly. The practical reason is that members of the CoP could share their problems and could ask the assistance of their co-members to find solution with their problems. In the same manner that their counterparts could extend their help because they knew the problem and they could identify the best solutions to common problems. For example, a man had asked from his CoP on how to improve his writing skills. Since, they share the same interest, many of his expert co-members have responded via net within 24 hours. Luckily, many of them have provided the best and easiest writing techniques. Further, it could also transfer best practices because they â€Å"do much more than work on specific problems. 6 In an organization or company, it was considered as the best and ideal venue for sharing and disseminating best practices and knowledge. One of the most successful examples of

Resolving international disputes Essay Example for Free

Resolving international disputes Essay Differences that you should be aware of Property Law Sources of law and method of judicial reasoning Property Law Civil Law You are either the absolute owner, or you are not. 3 components of absolute ownership usus (latin term) i.e. use Right of use fructus ie. enjoyment of revenues Right to enjoy revenues abusus ie disposal Right to dispose of that thing dismemberment This does not mean that the absolute owner cannot give away certain rights of the property, as long as the rights transfer back to the owner E. g. usifruct farmer has a large piece of land and son wants to get married and have family. Farmer is not willing to divide up the farm, but offers him a part of the farm where he lets him build a house and farm on it, but after 20/30/40 years the land goes back to the father Lease if you lease an apartment from the owner of a building, or a piece of land to farm on, etc you get the right to use it in consideration of rent. In this sense, the owner is giving away one right (the right to use the property) as long as at the end they get the right of use back. Common Law Theory no absolute ownership of land King gives a portion of the country to the Earls. In common law, there is a difference between ownership and possession. The Earls possess it, they are holding the land for him. The Earls will provide him every year with something in return (e.g. bushels of corn, men for war, etc). Earl gives a portion of that land to the Dukes, and asks that they hold it for them, in exchange for bushels, men etc. Dukes to the Lords, all the way to the peasant/farmer. When the farmer died, he was not able to give it to his children it would go to the lord, etc up the chain and that person would redelegate it. Known as the feudal system. Leasehold is when you hold it for a limited period of time. A freehold is where you hold the land forever, and you can sell the land, leave the land to your children. The only way it reverts back to the king is if someone dies without leaving any heirs, which means it goes up the chain of ownership. 2 types of ownership Real Beneficial Origin and Concept of Trust William the Conqueror said I am Law, but there were problems with this as the king could not see every subject. Eventually, he became busy with other things (wars, etc) therefore he set up a system of courts. They did not have to see everybody, unless they issue a writ. System of writs a court order telling someone that someone complained about you therefore you have to show up at court on x  day. You only had a writ for certain problems. Trespass (tort) When someone caused you or your property personal injury Habeas corpus (produce the body) When someone grabbed a relative of yours and wrongly imprisoned them. This came about because of the idea of Where there is a remedy (ie. a writ) there is a right, but if you did not have a writ to cover a specific problem, then you did not have access to the courts lead to a parallel system of justice called Equity lead to new legal concepts such as the TRUST Trust you are too rich and do not want to be taxed. Therefore, you give some wealth to the friend who is going to hold it for you until the children are of age and you have died. The problem arises when the friend does not give it back. They have no writ therefore cannot take it back through court. When the friend goes to court, they argue that the land was given on a condition of trust (the friend was trusted by the father to give the property back). In addition to the possibility of someone being the absolute owner, they can also be the owner subject of a trust. Trust difficult to define, Underhill gave one of the best definitions under 5 parts An 1 equitable obligation, 2 binding a person (trustee), 3 to deal with property over which he has control (trust property), 4 for the benefit of persons (beneficiaries), of whom he (the trustee) may be one, 5 any one of whom may enforce the obligation Equitable obligation obligation created under the law of equity which was established by the courts of equity Who has the obligation The trustee What is the obligation To deal with the trust property over which he has control For what purpose For the benefit of the beneficiaries What is the consequence if the trustee does not deal with the property The Trustee can be sued by any one of the beneficiaries How a trust works There are 2 ways to set up a trust The settler gives trust property to one or more trustees for the benefit of one or more beneficiaries (essentially a gift) Can be through a will or agreement (intervivos trust) involving the settler or the trustee By way of declaration of trust a person simply declares that he is hold ing certain property in trust E.g. someone wants to set up a business, but does not want it known that they are the shareholders. Therefore, someone else holds that position, but signs a contract that states that all income goes to them, and they will exercise the wishes of the settler. Examples of trusts wills, Real Estate Investment Trusts (REIT), endowments You may set up a family trust for tax planning  purposes. You can spread your income across the beneficiaries of that trust. Shareholder agreements, where sometimes money is put into a trust. There are wide personal business and tax-planning purposes to trust. differences between civil law and common law ownership In Common Law, a property can have two owners. The real owner (whose name appears as the owner) or the beneficiary owner In civil Law, you are the owner, or you are not. Only one type of ownership. 2 Sources of law and method of judicial reasoning both systems have 3 sources Judicial Precedent ie. Court decisions Legislation Doctrine ie. scholarly writings articles or books that are written to explain the law, and very often to criticize it th e difference between the two systems is the weight and importance of each source Common Law JUDICIAL PRECEDENT (most important) Court Structure Supreme Court Court of Appeal Trial Court Each court is bound by its earlier decisions. Trial Court is bound by its earlier decisions unless overturned by the Court of Appeal, same thing for Court of Appeal with Supreme Court, etc (stare decisis stand by the past). The Supreme Court is also bound by its own precedents The Supreme Court has overturned its own precedents, such as the decision that people cannot be segregated but equal, as in the case with discrimination. Principal known as stare decisis stand by the past Abortion example of Row vs Wade (or something like that) How do you know when a judgement is a precedent To know that, you have to analyse the precedent Conditions for decision to be binding Decisions divided into two parts Ratio decidendi the reason for the decision for arriving at the decision (only this is the precedent) Obiter dictum other reasons that the judge has for coming to his/her conclusions It is often not clear which is the obiter dictum and which is the ratio decidendi. The facts have to be almost identical. What happens when they find a precedent they do not like They could try and find differences between the case then and now. What then happens is that if the judges can distinguish between it, they make judge-made law, which is an area of contestation and disagreement. Judges are not supposed to make the law. Legislation In the common law system, legislation is not as important as judicial precedent. If a court interprets a law in a manner in which the parliament doesnt like, parliament can pass a law countermanding that. Catch ( legislation is subject to judicial interpretation, and this means that the rules regarding stare decisis apply to interpretation. Therefore, when you  are looking in the common law system, and you are wondering what does this legislation mean, you look at any court judgements/precedents in order to understand its meaning and application. Additionally, from a business point of view, there is very little legislation on very important aspects of business law. (e.g. you find it on leases, contracts of sale, etc but other types of contracts such as agency, etc there is no legislation, and therefore strictly jurisprudence applies. Additionally, to a large extent there is no legislation regarding torts As a source of law, it can supersede jurisprudence, but does not feature as much. Doctrine Scolarly writings For historical reasons, doctrine is less important and less abundant than it is in the civil law system. They try to summarise the law and put it in a rational form. CIVIL LAW Judicial Precedent (Jurisprudence) Not as important as in common law because a) There is no concept of stare decisis (Courts are not formally bound by higher courts, they just carry more weight. Another level can just choose to overrule) (2) Legislation Originally, the first code of laws that was developed in the western world was developed by the Roman Empire. This was different for a huge number of places because it covered such a wide expanse. When Napoleon ruled, there were even differences within France itself He created a different set for France and the rest of the Empire, The Law of Paris, and codified it into one document, and in 1804 it became law. It dealt with things such as family law, property law, contract law, civil liability, etc A code does the following in regards to each area that it deals with, it sets out general broad principles then sets out certain principles within. They are so broad that it covers the subject matter. For example, in civil law under Quebec, civil liability is anyone that is capable, is liable for any damage he/she causes through a wrongful act to a third party. Once you have this principle you have rules of application (e.g. what is the liability of parents if their children does wrong) (3) Doctrine Doctrine is much more important than in the Common Law system. Before, in Common Law system, if you wanted to become a lawyer you didnt have to go to school, just work with lawyers and read books. Example Abraham Lincoln never went to school he studied on his own and ended up becoming a lawyer with the help of those he worked with. Ended up becoming one of the most renowned layers in the USA before h e went into politics. Difference between the two Civil law ( would read Justinian coda and make  annotations and commentaries and some would start publishing codes. When Napoleon made some laws, books came out analysing the books and laws. Judges read the laws and doctrines as a basis for their judgements (today there is more doctrine in the Civil Law system than common law) Common ( Lets see what the judgment says Civil ( lets see what the doctrine says LEGAL SYSTEMS SPREAD BY COLONIZATION AND CONQUEST Common Law Includes India, England, USA Why common law is different around the world English Common law applied to the Colonies, so far as it was adapted by its institutions and circumstances. This means that you apply the English Common Law as far as needed, then you apply a chain of precedents As colonies gained independence, they established a cut-off date after which British precedence would not apply to them Over time, jurisdictions formed their own supreme Courts under their own state of appeal. After a certain date, Canada said that their Supreme Court judgements were right, and people could not go to the British House of Lords for an over ruling, and this happened everywhere. Civil Law Formed out of Spain and all of her colonies, Germany, Italy, Portugal and its colony Brazil, and each country has its own civil code. The rules in France are not the same as the rules set out in Quebec, however the sources, the role, all of that is similar. Quebec Situation Was both a French and British colony. The French King was given a choice keep Quebec, or keep the islands of St Pierre and Miquelon. He decided to keep the islands. In 1774, the Quebec Act was adopted by parliament. In 1774, the 13 colonies started to push for independence. They adopted the Quebec Act, which was intended to protect the religion, language and culture. It created a hybrid system of Common Law and Civil Law. It said that local Quebec Law (Civil Law) will govern property, contracts, family law, civil liability. Basically, in Quebec, what was used was old Roman law and the custom of Paris. Under the Quebec system, the court system became a British system. The result was that Common Law heavily influenced civil law. July 1866, the Civil Court of Law in Canada codified the Civil Law in Quebec (like Napoleon and France). Much of the Civil Code of Canada was taken by the Napoleonic Code. Unlike what you would call the traditional Civil Law System, stare decisis was used in Quebec. If you read a judgement from a Court of Quebec and one outside Quebec, you would question whether it is not a Common Law system. This is because they are a Civil Law system, but they reason  similarly to the Common Law system.